() Baul sadhana: introduction The word 'baul, in popular interpretation, is generally equated with singing: with folk song of Bengal or, more concretely, ...

One of the issues covered by Muʿtazila’s idea of justice is the subject of the imposition of moral obligation (taklīf). The concept of the obligation (taklīf), which expresses that God imposes some difficult acts on His servants and asks them to fulfill them, is important because it explains God’s justice for His servants and His wisdom in creating them. For this reason, the main emphasis in the matter of imposition has been on the veneration of the servants and rendering benefits (...) to them in return for imposition. As a matter of fact, God offers His servants such a reward that it is not possible to achieve with anything other than obligation. This article presents examples of hypothetical obligations emphasizing the same issue. Al-taklīf al-zāid is an additional imposition period meaning that God does not end the life that he determines for the morally obliged (mukallaf), but prolongs the life of the servant in such a way that changes the result of his imposition. In Muʿtazilite thought, the issue of the additional imposition basically takes place in the form of two separate discussions about unbeliever and believer. While the additional imposition of the unbeliever deals with the situation of the unbeliever who is known to believe when his imposition (or life) is prolonged; the additional imposition of believer deals with the situation of the believer who is known to disbelieve when his imposition (or life) is prolonged. Abū ʿAli thinks that it is obligatory (wajib) for God to keep this unbeliever alive when it is known that he would come to believe if He did not kill him and his imposition had been prolonged. His argument in this regard is his thought that the additional imposition is a favour (lutf) for the unbeliever to believe. Abū Hāshim, on the other hand, says that it is not obligatory for God to prolong the imposition of unbeliever in such a situation, and that it would be good (hasan) to kill the unbeliever, even though it is known that he would have believed if his imposition had been prolonged. Because, according to Abū Hāshim, God already gave the unbeliever the opportunity to attain rewards in his first imposition. The unbeliever reached this end because he made a wrong choice in his imposition and it cannot be obligatory for God to re-present the circumstances that will change this outcome. According to him, the additional imposition of an unbeliever is not a favour (lutf), but it is like the enabling to act (tamkīn) and is not obligatory. As for the additional imposition of a believer, Abū ʿAli, Abū Hāshim and the Bahshamites agree that it is good to prolong the imposition of the believer who is known to be an unbeliever if his imposition was prolonged. The reason for their view is that God has endowed the servant with a reward, which would otherwise be unattainable, in return for the prolonged imposition. However, the Husaynites believe that prolonging the imposition of believer in this situation would not be good. Because the believer deserves a reward for his first imposition and in this case, his additional imposition will be a corruption (mafsada) for him. As a result of these different views, when we look generally, it is seen that the main concern in Muʿtazilite thought is to make the most appropriate decision for the benefit of the servant in all the impositions that God has imposed and is likely to impose. The Bahshamites have always prioritized offering more rewards to the servant. However, Abū ʿAli regarding the additional imposition of the unbeliever, and the Husaynites regarding the additional imposition of believer, prioritized the imposition’s resulting in belief, and they thought that it was more suitable for the benefit of the servant. Since the purpose of the imposition in Muʿtazilite thought is to provide the opportunity to attain the degrees that it could never been reached in any other way, regardless of the outcome, it should be said that the views of the Bahshamites on both additional obligations are more consistent within the general system of Muʿtazila. (shrink)

Tercümeler hem dili, düşünceyi hem de felsefeyi besler. Aynı şekilde dil felsefeyi, felsefe de dili besler. Bu makale, Türk-İslam düşüncesi çerçevesinde dil, tercüme ve felsefe arasındaki bağlantıya yoğunlaşmaktadır. Ancak bu yoğunlaşma modern Türk düşünürlerinden birkaçı üzerinden nesneleştirilecektir. Türk-İslam düşüncesi ve felsefesi çoğulcu düşüncenin ürünüdür. O, bir anlamda bir tercüme medeniyeti, bir anlamda kendi özüyle bağlantılı özgün bir medeniyet yaratma çabasıdır. Her iki kabul de olguya dayanır. Bu olgu da dil üzerinden felsefenin yeni yurt ve yurttaşlarını tanımlar. Felsefenin kendini nesneleştirdiği enstrüman (...) dil iken, dil de insan olabilmenin enstrümanlardan biridir. Dil, düşünceyi var eder, düşünce de dili çoğulcu bir yapıya doğru olan serüvene dahil eder. Buradaki akış karşılıklıdır ve durağı yoktur. Bu akışta dil düşünceyi zenginleştirir, düşünce de dili zenginleştirir. (shrink)

Bu çalışmamızdaki amacımız, Türk filozof Yunus Emre’de en çok karşılaştığımız kavramlardan biri olan Gönül kavramının felsefi bir kavram olarak ne olduğunu sorgulayarak Yunus Emre’nin genel olarak hakikat anlayışını bu kavram çerçevesinde ortaya koymaktır. Böyle bir çalışmanın ortaya çıkışında en temel etmen, ‘Gönül kavramı neden felsefi bir kavramdır?’ sorusudur. Bu soruyu felsefi bilinçle birlikte entelektüel ve kültürel kökenimizde izi sürülen felsefenin en zengin örneklerden biri olan Yunus Emre’de ele almaya çalışacağız.

Dialogues with Dhanajībāpu, b. 1922, philosopher from Gujarat, India.

This Inspirational Guide To An Open, Critical Exchange Between India And The West Is Framed As A Tribute To Dr. Bettina Baumer, An Eminent Scholar Of Indology. Comprising 32 Essays, Segregated Into Three Sections Indian Philosophy And Spirituality, Indian Arts And Aesthetics, And Interreligious And Intercultural Dialogue.

Bu çalışmamızdaki amacımız, din felsefesinde tartışılan temel bir problem olan kötülük probleminin ne felsefedeki öyküsünü vermektir ne de Türk filozof Yunus Emre’de tüm ayrıntısıyla tartışmaktır. Amacımız, Türk filozof Yunus Emre’nin “gönül yıkma” ve “gönül yapma” ifadelerinin kötülük problemi açısından felsefedeki anlamını sorgulamak ve felsefi anlamlarını ortaya koymaktır.

In response to parts I-III of G Rosen's "What is Constructive Empiricism?", "Philosophical Studies", 74, 1994, 143-178, this paper examines several construals of the position of constructive empiricism. At issue, in part, is the equation of intentional aspects of science with the intentions and opinions of scientists. In addition it is necessary to distinguish the constructive empiricist -- a philosopher holding that acceptance of theories in science need not involve belief that they are true -- from the scientific agnostic' who (...) accepts but does not believe current science. What is at stake for empiricism is a view of science that will admit it as a paradigm for rational inquiry. (shrink)

Twentieth anniversary souvenir of the Bangladesh Philosophical Association, comprises articles chiefly on Bangladesh philosophy; includes activities of the Association.

Bas C. van Fraassen presents an original exploration of how we represent the world.

The story of how Perrin’s experimental work established the reality of atoms and molecules has been a staple in (realist) philosophy of science writings (Wesley Salmon, Clark Glymour, Peter Achinstein, Penelope Maddy, …). I’ll argue that how this story is told distorts both what the work was and its significance, and draw morals for the understanding of how theories can be or fail to be empirically grounded.

Projet En développant son « empirisme constructif », Bas Van Fraassen est devenu une référence incontournable pour la philosophie des sciences contemporaine. Après la vague de critiques qui, vers les années 1960, avait fait perdre à l'empirisme logique sa prédominance dans le champ des idées, le réalisme scientifique semblait s'être imposé comme le seul compte rendu acceptable du travail et des orientations de la recherche. Quine avait beau énoncer ce que pourrait être un empirisme affranchi de ses deux « dogmes (...) » (l'intangibilité de la distinction vérités analytiques / vérités synthétiques, et la réduction des constructions aux « faits »), le programme d'une philosophie des sciences empiriste renouvelée restait à l'état d'esquisse. Mais par trois ouvrages successifs, Scientific Image (1980), Laws and symmetry (1989), et Quantum mechanics an empiricist view (1991), Van Fraassen a posé les bases d'un empirisme viable, parce que capable de prendre en charge la plupart des spécificités dont se prévaut le réalisme contre l'empirisme classique ou logique, et de rendre raison des développements les plus actuels de la physique. Contre l'empirisme classique ou logique, les réalistes font d'abord valoir que la réduction de toute réalité et de tout acte de référence aux phénomènes, ne rend justice ni à la pratique du langage courant ni à celle des sciences. Lorsque quelqu'un procède à une dénomination, il ne cherche pas à désigner par là une tranche d'apparaître, ou quelque ensemble fini et répertorié d'apparitions; il pointe vers "quelque chose" dont les modalités de manifestation sans fin assignable sont pour partie anticipées et pour partie ouvertes. De même, quand un chercheur scientifique parle de l'objet de ses investigations, il ne limite pas son discours à un ensemble fini de résultats d'expérience obtenus sous des conditions instrumentales actuellement disponibles; il renvoie à une entité dont la variété des manifestations futures est prévue aussi complètement que possible (et avec un succès croissant) par des cadres conceptuels et théoriques révisables. Face à cette objection, Van Fraassen fait jouer un rôle capital aux modèles dans sa version de l'empirisme.. (shrink)

This study analyzes the metaphoric and metonymic nature ofbaş/kafa‘head’ in Turkish idiomatic expressions from a cognitive linguistic perspective. The database for the study is composed of idioms containing the two head-denoting wordsbaşandkafa. Idioms and their definitions are analyzed in terms of their figurative uses of abstract concepts, and the conceptual metaphors and metonymies are identified. Findings are examined under five categories: head as the representative of the person, the seat of mental faculties, the locus of emotions, the sign of superiority/power, (...) and the sign of value. The study proposes a cultural model in which the image schemaswhole-part,containmentandverticalityplay a key role, and reveals cross-cultural similarities and differences in the conceptualization ofhead. The study also provides further support for the embodiment thesis, and underscores the impact of cultural processes in shaping the way the body is conceptualized. (shrink)

This book claims that Aristotle followed an aspect theory of predication.

Transcript of speeches by a Hindu philosopher, chiefly on Hindu philosophy and Hinduism.

This book challenges the common view that classical education in 19th-century Germany was dominated by a progressive ideal called neohumanism. The prevailing ideal of education at the German Gymnasien was emphatically traditional and is best described as classical humanism. Moreover, this 19th-century classical humanism dynamically related to modern society and should therefore be seen as the continuation of a living tradition.".

The book combines a series of chapters considering a range of responses to the idea of 'de-westernizing' film studies with a series of in-depth interviews with filmmakers, scholars and critics.

A general form is proposed for epistemological theories, the relevant factors being: the family of epistemic judgments, the epistemic state, the epistemic commitment, and the family of possible epistemic inputs. First a simple theory is examined in which the states are probability functions, and the subject of probability kinematics introduced by Richard Jeffrey is explored. Then a second theory is examined in which the state has as constituents a body of information and a recipe that determines the accepted epistemic judgments (...) on the basis of this corpus. Through an examination of several approaches to the statistical syllogism, a relation is again established with Jeffrey's generalized conditionalization. (shrink)

Vague subjective probability may be modeled by means of a set of probability functions, so that the represented opinion has only a lower and upper bound. The standard rule of conditionalization can be straightforwardly adapted to this. But this combination has difficulties which, though well known in the technical literature, have not been given sufficient attention in probabilist or Bayesian epistemology. Specifically, updating on apparently irrelevant bits of news can be destructive of one’s explicitly prior expectations. Stability of vague subjective (...) opinion appears to need a more complex model. (shrink)

In the philosophy of science, identity over time emerges as a central concern both as an ontological category in the interpretation of physical theories, and as an epistemological problem concerning the conditions of possibility of knowledge. In Reichenbach and subsequent writers on the problem of indistinguishable quantum particles we see the return of a contrast between Leibniz and Aquinas on the subject of individuation. The possibility of rejecting the principle of the identity of indiscernibles has certain logical difficulties, leading us (...) inexorably from ontology into epistemology. For the epistemological problem we attend to the differences that emerged between the (neo-)Kantian and logical empiricist traditions, also saliently displayed in Reichenbach's writings. After examining the contrast between Kant's and Leibniz's conceptions of empirical knowledge, specifically with respect to the irreducibility of spatiotemporal determinations, we explore an application of a neo-Kantian view to the same problem of indistinguishable quantum particles. (shrink)

Meslekî yönelim, bireyin ilgi, yetenek, değer ve beklentilerine dayalı olarak kendisi için en uygun meslekleri belirleme sürecidir. Bu kavram, bireyin meslek seçimine giden yolda gösterdiği eğilim, karar verme süreci ve gelecekteki kariyer hedeflerini oluşturma çabalarını ifade etmektedir. Ortaöğretim dönemi, öğrencilerin meslek seçimlerinin belirginleşmeye başladığı bir kademe olması açısından önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı İmam Hatip Lisesi öğrencilerinin meslekî yönelimlerine etki eden unsurları yönetici görüşlerine göre ortaya koymaktır. Kuruluş amacı din alanına eleman yetiştirmek olan İmam Hatip Liseleri zaman içinde farklı meslek alanlarına (...) da öğrenci yetiştiren fonksiyona kavuşmuştur. İmam Hatip Lisesi öğrencilerinin hangi mesleklere yöneldiği ve bu tercihlerine etki eden unsurların ne olduğu sorusu bu çalışmanın hareket noktasını oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden olgubilim desenine göre tasarlanmıştır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak görüşme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Çalışma grubunu Sakarya’daki maksimum çeşitlilik örnekleme tekniğiyle belirlenen İmam Hatip Liselerindeki yöneticiler ve bir rehber öğretmen oluşturmaktadır. Elde edilen veriler betimsel analiz tekniğiyle analiz edilmiş ve belirlenen temalar altına yerleştirilmiştir. Araştırmamız sonucunda literatürdeki bulgulara uygun olarak İmam Hatip Lisesi öğrencilerinin meslekî yönelimlerine etki eden unsurlar arasında aile ve çevrenin; eğitim ve rehberlik hizmetlerinin; kişisel özelliklerin; maddi gelir ve iş bulma imkanlarının; toplumsal ve kültürel faktörlerin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. (shrink)

After Hume, attempts to forge an empiricist epistemology have taken three forms, which I shall call the First, Middle, and Third Way. The First still attempts an a priori demonstration that our cognitive methods satisfy some criterion of adequacy. The Middle Way is pursued under the banners of naturalism and scientific realism, and aims at the same conclusion on non-apriori grounds. After arguing that both fail, I shall describe the general characteristics of the Third Way, an alternative epistemology suitable for (...) empiricism. (shrink)

I exist, but I am not a thing among things; X exists if and only if there is something such that it=X. This is consistent, and it is a view that can be supported. Calvino’s novel The Non‐Existent Knight can be read so as to illustrate this view. But what is my relation to the things there are if I am not identical with any of them – things such as my arms, my garden, the city I live in? I (...) name this the Gurduloo problem, after the Knight’s page. This relation must be one that admits of degrees; I suggest that we say that I manifest myself through the things thus associated with me. Several pseudo‐problems, pertaining to volitional action, supervenience, observability, and the emergence of consciousness, dissolve upon inspection. (shrink)

The author reflects on his experience as a medical student to draw out larger life lessons about perseverance, diligence, responsibility and the ethical conduct of life in general.

This paper studies axiomatic characterizations of the constrained equal awards rule for bankruptcy problems. We show that many results apply in a much more general context than for which they are originally formulated. In particular, we generalize several axiomatic characterizations based on symmetry, sustainability, and consistency to the domain of bankruptcy problems with nontransferable utility.

For a long time people have been trying to develop probability theory starting from ‘finite’ events rather than collections of infinite events. In this way one can find natural replacements for measurable sets and integrable functions, but measurable functions seemed to be more difficult to find. We present a solution. Moreover, our results are constructive.

Critical analysis of the commercialization and malpractice current in the profession of medicine.